Description
The monograph presents a systematic analysis of the concept of probability as a multidimensional category that transcends traditional mathematical formulations. The point of departure is the thesis that probability is not merely a number assigned to an event, but a structure whose meaning has evolved historically and which simultaneously encompasses semantic, epistemological, ontological, and formal dimensions. In the first part of the work, the semantic field of the concept of probability is reconstructed, revealing its connections to the notions of possibility, credibility, frequency, and decision. This is followed by an analysis of its genealogy in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, where it appeared in the form of concepts such as eikos (plausibility), pithanos (persuasion), tyche (chance), probabilis (acceptability), and verisimilis (similarity to truth). It is shown that antiquity possessed a rich semantic field of probability, yet lacked the formal apparatus necessary for its mathematization. The section devoted to contemporary science examines the role of probability in physics, biology, and the social sciences. In physics, probability evolves from an epistemic to an ontological status (particularly in quantum mechanics); in biology, it becomes a principle organizing the processes of life and evolution; while in the social sciences, it takes the form of a dynamic and reflexive structure associated with decisions, beliefs, andinteractions.